A Veteran of the Drug War Fires at U.S. Policy
By Michael Massing
Sunday, February 6, 2000; Page B05
Having spent the last decade studying the war on drugs, I have
come
across no military veteran of that conflict who publicly challenged
it--until
now.
Retired Lt. Cmdr. Sylvester L. Salcedo, who spent the best
part of three
years working closely with law enforcement agencies doing anti-drug
work, believes it is time to share his disillusionment with the
policy he
helped enforce. From October 1996 to April 1999, Salcedo served
as an
intelligence officer with Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6), a Department
of
Defense unit that provides military specialists to law enforcement
agencies.
In New York, Miami and San Juan, Puerto Rico, he helped agents
from
the DEA, FBI, Customs and local police departments penetrate drug
gangs and disrupt money-laundering rings. He regards the $1.6
billion that
the Clinton administration is proposing to spend on drug-fighting
efforts in
Colombia as good money thrown after bad.
I first learned about Salcedo's views last June, when he sent
me a letter.
He had read a book I'd written that was critical of the drug war
and, he
explained, fully agreed with it. Over the next few months, we
had several
phone conversations, and in each he was more passionate.
Salcedo's views offered front-line confirmation of the conclusions
I had
reached. I've been to both Colombia and Peru to examine U.S. efforts
to
disrupt the South American cocaine trade. I visited Panama in
the wake of
the U.S. invasion and later attended the trial of Gen. Manuel
Noriega in
Miami. In New York and other American cities, I'd gone on ride-alongs
with drug agents, witnessed police busts on the street and sat
in
courtrooms as drug offenders were marched off to prison.
None of it seemed to make much difference. Over the last 10
years, the
federal government has spent about $150 billion to combat drugs,
yet the
cocaine market is glutted as always, and heroin is readily available
at
record-high purities. And, while the number of casual drug users
has
declined some, the number of hard-core users, who are responsible
for
most of the crime and other social problems associated with drugs,
hasn't.
In short, the war on drugs seemed a costly failure. And now a
soldier in
that war was saying as much.
Salcedo became particularly animated by the news of U.S. intentions
to
increase spending in Colombia over the next two years: Much of
the
money is for military purposes--providing 60 helicopters and training
two
Colombian rapid deployment battalions. While sympathetic to the
need to
confront leftist guerrillas in Colombia, Salcedo said that the
stated goal of
the aid package--to disrupt the production and export of drugs
to the
United States--is unrealizable. Salcedo was so disturbed by this
new
development, he said, that he wanted to return a Navy medal he
had
received for his work with JTF-6.
I arranged to meet Salcedo at a coffee shop in New York, where
we both
live. With his boyish face, erect bearing and strait-laced appearance,
the
43-year-old seemed every bit the military man. His firsthand perspective
made his comments all the more striking to me. "I don't think
we can make
any progress on the drug issue by escalating our military presence
in
Colombia," he told me. "As in Vietnam, the policy is
designed to fail. All
we're doing is making body counts, although instead of bodies,
we're
counting seizures--tons of cocaine, kilos of heroin." Rather
than spend
more money in Colombia, Salcedo said, we should confront the issue
of
demand here, by providing more services to "the hard-core
addicted
population, the source of 80 to 90 percent of the quality-of-life
issues
associated with drugs. That's what's not being addressed."
He showed me the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal he
had
received last year. The certificate accompanying it cited his
"professional
achievement in the superior performance of his duties" and
his "exceptional
diplomatic aplomb." It added: "Lieutenant Commander
Salcedo's
distinctive accomplishments, unrelenting perseverance and steadfast
devotion to duty reflected great credit upon himself, and were
in keeping
with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."
In deciding to return the medal, Salcedo said, he hopes to
evoke the
actions of Vietnam veterans who opposed that war. "My goal
is to . . . get
us to focus on our own drug addiction problem," he said.
"I want to show
that somebody is speaking out against the orthodox policy--that
there is a
dissenting opinion."
Salcedo's views, it turned out, aren't simply the result of
his recent military
deployments; they stem from a lifetime of experience. Born in
Minneapolis,
he spent his early years in the Philippines (his father is Filipino
and his
mother Filipina-Chinese). When he was 12, the family moved to
Boston,
and Salcedo was sent to a Jesuit boarding school. After graduating
from
Holy Cross College in 1978, he joined the Navy, and he spent most
of the
next four years at sea. In 1984, Salcedo entered the Naval Reserve,
specializing in intelligence. He also began working as a Spanish
teacher in
the Boston public schools. He was assigned to Dorchester, a low-income
section of Boston that was rife with drugs, and many of his students
got
sucked into the trade.
Salcedo's experience as an intelligence officer, serving periodic
two-week
tours abroad as an assistant naval attache, fortified the knowledge
he was
gaining in those drug-ridden pockets of Boston. With his fluency
in
Spanish, he was sent to Argentina, Ecuador, Chile and Colombia,
where
he could see how the booming cocaine trade was corrupting society.
Back
in Dorchester, Salcedo saw the other end of the cocaine pipeline--a
bustling street-level market that resisted all efforts to quash
it.
"I saw a disconnect between being in a minority neighborhood
that was
awash in drugs and jumping on an airplane and being at the U.S.
Embassy
in Colombia," Salcedo says. "I didn't see how this evolving
strategy of
trying to stop drugs at their source was going to work . . . as
long as the
demand was there, it was going to be provided for." It was
a conclusion
that I, too, had reached early on in my research.
Then in 1990, when Salcedo enrolled in a master's program in
national
security studies at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., he
got his first
glimpse of the growing institutional support for getting the military
more
involved in fighting drugs. With the Cold War over, many of his
fellow
students were writing papers calling on the military to join the
drug war.
"Everybody was jumping on the bandwagon of the drug war,"
Salcedo
says. He took a strong stand against them, arguing that drugs
were not a
national security issue but a public health one.
Around this time, Salcedo hit a major bump in his career. Passed
over for
promotion, he suspected he was being discriminated against because
of his
Filipino background. He filed a formal complaint with the Navy,
and, over
the next two-and-a-half years, it worked its way up the chain
of command.
Salcedo was given the choice of either suing the Navy or continuing
his
service in the Reserve. He chose the latter, hoping to demonstrate
that the
Reserve had made a mistake. Over the next several years he continued
to
serve temporary tours.
Then, in 1996, Salcedo heard that JTF-6 was looking for intelligence
specialists to work in the war on drugs. Despite his skepticism
about the
war, Salcedo--eager to prove his worth to the Navy--applied and
was
taken on as a analyst. He was assigned to work with drug-enforcement
task forces on the East Coast. Because he signed a confidentiality
agreement upon taking the job, Salcedo avoided talking about the
substance of his work. But, based on my knowledge of drug enforcement,
it wasn't hard to figure out. These drug task forces, which bring
together
specialists from federal, state and local agencies, are flooded
with data,
much of it from informants inside the drug world. With his expertise
in
intelligence, Salcedo could help make sense of it all.
>From what Salcedo could tell, however, such actions had
no effect on the
supply of drugs on the street. Adding to his disillusionment was
the
constant bickering among the DEA, FBI, Customs and Coast Guard.
It is
revealing, I think, that the "diplomatic aplomb" mentioned
in his medal
certificate referred to his work not with foreign governments
but with U.S.
agencies.
In April 1999, Salcedo took mandatory retirement. But he remained
absorbed by the drug issue. Reading "The Corner," David
Simon and
Edward Burns's account of life on a drug-ridden street corner
in Baltimore,
he was struck by how much the young dealers in it resembled the
students
he had seen in Dorchester. Watching a "Frontline" program
titled "Snitch,"
he was appalled at how drug agents got big-time dealers leniency
in return
for incriminating their small-time accomplices. And, after reading
my book,
Salcedo got in touch with one of its protagonists, a street worker
in
Spanish Harlem named Raphael Flores. I had described the trouble
Flores
faced in getting addicts into treatment, and Salcedo now got a
firsthand
look at the problems. Treatment centers seemed completely overwhelmed
and understaffed. The experience strengthened his conviction that
Washington should spend its money not on helicopters and trainers
but on
prevention programs and more services for addicts.
Hoping to dramatize his concerns about U.S. drug policy, Salcedo
plans
soon to drive from New York to Washington and leave his medal
at the
White House, accompanied by a letter explaining his position.
His
example, he hopes, will attract other military veterans frustrated
by their
participation in what has become a wasteful, wounding and ultimately
futile
war. I suspect there are many other such veterans out there.
Michael Massing's study of U.S. drug policy, "The Fix,"
will be issued in
paperback in March by the University of California Press.
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